重要生态用地级别评价和划定方法研究——以水源涵养为例

文章以水源涵养为例,基于水平衡评价计算方法,选择水资源禀赋类型不同的县域单元开展水源涵养型生态用地功能分级划定研究。总结现有生态保护红线划定技术方法及存在不足,致力于显化不同地区水源涵养生态用地功能绝对值差异,利用评价单元格水源涵养累计贡献值面积弹性拐点,对重要水源涵养用地级别划定方法进行改进。对河北省易县和四川省金川县的实例验证表明,此评价方法可以根据不同地区水源涵养功能特点量身确定重要生态空间规模、面积和比例。     

基于PSR模型的北京市西北生态涵养区生态健康评价研究

研究目的:作为保障首都生态环境质量与可持续发展的关键区域,北京市西北生态涵养区的生态健康程度反映了生态文明战略部署下首都高质量发展的综合成效。本文通过构建北京市西北生态涵养区健康评价指标体系,评价该区域的生态健康程度,为生态涵养区的可持续发展提供对策建议。研究方法:PSR模型、层次分析法(AHP)。研究结果:(1)基于PSR模型构建的生态健康评价指标体系包括压力、状态和响应系统3个准则层和10个评价指标,涵盖涵养区自然生态和人类活动影响;(2)研究区4个时段的健康指数分别为0.673、0.664、0.650、0.687,生态健康等级为一般。研究结论:北京市西北涵养区生态健康状况较为稳定,在保持西北涵养区建设现有成果的基础上,需要加大生态建设的力度,进一步提高生态健康水平。     

Policy lessons from spatiotemporal enrollment patterns of payment for ecosystem service programs in Argentina

Payment for ecosystem services schemes (PES) are lauded as a market-based solution to curtail deforestation and restore degraded ecosystems. However, PES programs often fail to conserve sites under strong long-term deforestation pressures. Underperformance, in part, is likely due to adverse selection. Spatial adverse selection occurs when landowners are more likely to enroll parcels with low deforestation pressure than parcels with high deforestation pressure. Temporal adverse selection arises when parcels are enrolled for short time periods. In both cases, financial resources are allocated without having a sizeable impact on long-term land use change. Improving program performance to overcome these shortcomings requires understanding attributes of landowners and their parcels across large scales to identify spatial and temporal enrollment patterns that drive adverse selection. In this paper, we examine these patterns in Argentina’s PES program in Chaco forest, a global deforestation hotspot. Our study area covers 252,319 km². Results from multinomial logistic regression models showed that large parcels of enrolled land and parcels owned by absentee landowners exhibit greater evidence of spatiotemporal adverse selection than smaller parcels or parcels owned by local landowners. Furthermore, parcels managed under land use plans for conservation and restoration are more likely to be associated with adverse selection than parcels managed for financial returns such as harvest of non-timber forest products, silviculture, and silvopasture. However, prior to recommending that PES programs focus on land uses with higher potential earnings, a greater understanding is needed of the degree to which these land uses meet ecological and biodiversity goals of PES programs. We suggest that increased spatial targeting of enrollment, along with enrollment of local landowners and further incentives for land uses that support conservation and restoration, could promote long-term conservation of forest lands.     

Payments for agrobiodiversity conservation services: An overview of Latin American experiences,lessons learned and upscaling challenges

Many developing countries face a major challenge today: how to safeguard the biodiversity maintained in the fields of the rural poor - which constitute a national and global public good - whilst meeting those same people's development needs and rights? A solution to this dilemma has thus been sought in adapting the design and implementation of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) concepts to the conservation of agrobiodiversity.Here we review the application of nine such Payments for Agrobiodiversity Conservation (PACS) schemes that have been applied to date in four Latin American countries over the period 2010–2018. These covered 130 threatened varieties across a number of major food crops, and involved over 100 farming communities and 1,100 farmers (45 % of which were women). Conservation service offers were received through a competitive tender mechanism. Average bid offers revealed high heterogeneity, varying between US$675/ha. to ten times as much.In relation to issues identified as key to PES, such as spatial targeting, differentiated payments and conditionality, the underlying design of the PACS schemes may be considered solid. PACS-related prioritisation processes allow for the a priori identification of sites with high ecosystem service densities and high threat levels. The use of competitive tenders permits accounting for cost heterogeneity in the provision of conservation services and for payments to be differentiated. Conditionality is strong.In terms of implementation, a “back of the envelope” calculation based on the results of the competitive tenders suggests that conservation costs are modest. For a priority conservation portfolio of 100 varieties (which may be from different crops) each with a target area of five hectares, costs would amount to just under US$860,000 over twenty years or US$70,000 p.a. at a 5 % discount rate. The small-scale and one-off nature of the interventions realised to date, along with threatened crop variety seed availability constraints, have however meant that environmental effectiveness has been incomplete in the short-term (area cultivated with specific threatened varieties increased, but still below the “not at risk” threshold). The establishment of systematic monitoring systems is required to determine longer-term impacts and inform more regular PACS interventions within a dynamically evolving systems context.     

俄罗斯“博物馆保护区”的发展、特征及其启示

俄罗斯博物馆保护区兼顾有形与无形文化遗产保护的综合管理，关注人文环境与自然环境的整体保护问题。通过对俄罗斯文化遗产保护体系的梳理，基于博物馆保护区在俄罗斯文化遗产保护体系中的地位，对俄罗斯博物馆保护区的基本概念、分布特征、保护区划和基本分类等内容进行研究。最后，从整合机制和管理机构设置两方面分析中国历史文化街区保护存在的问题，提出作为文化机构的博物馆保护区制度，将为完善中国历史文化街区的保护制度提供必要的借鉴和启示。     

内蒙古重要发展战略及政策效果分析

本文认为,改革开放以来,内蒙古自治区的重要区域发展战略一直以资源优势为依托,进行产业布局和产业结构调整,取得了一定成效,但总观全区经济发展,其中存在着深层问题,经济总量偏小,城乡居民收入水平偏低;经济增长方式粗放,结构性矛盾突出;城镇化发展不合理,规模小,管理水平低;科技教育总体落后,劳动者素质不高;生态环境压力较大,基础设施建设滞后。文章提出,要更加注重资源节约与综合利用,努力建设资源节约型社会,继续走资源优势转变为经济优势之路,实现经济的可持续发展。要加大基础设施、生态保护与环境建设力度,发展产业集群,加快产业结构升级,努力实现资源产业的可持续发展。     

隆化县水土保持宣传实践与探索

本文首先介绍了隆化县水土保持法制宣传取得的成效,分析了隆化县水土保持宣传工作中存在的问题,最后针对隆化县水土保持宣传教育工作提出了一些思考。     

传统村落的公共空间保护与更新思路探讨——以红河州建水县苍台村为例

村落公共空间作为承载村落民俗、节庆、歌舞等传统技艺、传统文化的场所,是村落中的重要节点,本文将从红河州建水县团山村公共空间保护更新的经验入手,以此作为范例,借鉴其在传统村落中如何从整体格局和尺度考虑来构建真正适应于村民生产生活的场所,同时结合建水县官厅镇苍台村公共空间现状情况分析,比较得出适合于苍台村的公共空间保护与更新策略,为下一步苍台村空间格局的整体保护与发展提供参考价值。     

我国石化企业绿色竞争力的评价研究--以某石化企业为例

文章根据石化行业的特点,从生态环保、节能减排、盈利、持续发展四个维度构建了我国石化企业绿色竞争力的评价指标体系和评价模型,并以某石化企业为例进行了实证性研究。结果显示：案例企业绿色竞争能力从2005年到2013年总体上呈现出增强的趋势,年均增长率为5.8%;但这四个因素的影响作用有较大差距,生态环保能力最大为42.16%,其次是节能减排能力为29.32%,盈利能力与发展能力影响作用相对较小,分别为17.31%与11.20%。最后为有效提升石化企业的绿色竞争力,文章提出了四个方面的政策建议：一是需要着力提升持续发展的能力;二是需要着力扭转盈利能力的下降趋势;三是需要进一步提高节能降耗能力;四是需要进一步提高技术创新能力的投入。     

产业集群的资源节约效应

文章认为产业集群在资源节约方面具有卓越的成效,主要体现在两个方面,一是对基础设施、公共资源等资源的节约效应;二是由产业集群上下游产业链关系所形成的内生循环经济效应。